Échange dette-nature au Gabon : Une aberration

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Devant être conduite par Bank of America, l’opération visant à échanger une partie de la dette publique contre la protection de 26% des eaux territoriales soulève des questions aux plans politique, juridico-institutionnelle et technique.

26 % des eaux territoriales du Gabon à protéger en contrepartie de 500 millions de $ de la BofA ? Pourquoi Lee White qui n’est ni le plus légitime ni le mieux outillé, doit-il supplanter Nicole Roboty Mvou et Edith Ekiri Mounombi ? Pourquoi l’opération est-elle conduite dans l’opacité, à l’abri des regards indiscrets ? © Gabonreview (Montage)

 

Où l’on reparle de finance verte.  Pendant des mois, les crédits-carbone étaient au centre du débat. Du président de la République à l’archevêque de Libreville en passant par le Fonds gabonais d’investissements stratégiques (FGIS), de nombreuses personnalités ou institutions avaient cru bon d’aborder ce sujet, se laissant entraîner sur des sentiers mal connus. Si le One Forest Summit a douché bien des certitudes, un autre instrument pourrait déclencher une nouvelle controverse : les échanges dette-nature. Déjà évoqués en octobre dernier, ils ont été remis au goût du jour. À en croire l’agence Bloomberg, Bank of America (BofA) conduira une opération d’un montant de 500 millions de dollars. En contrepartie, le Gabon s’engagera à protéger 26 % des eaux territoriales, avec le soutien de The Nature conservancy (TNC). On parle d’un réseau de 20 parcs marins et réserves aquatiques s’étendant sur 53 000 kilomètres carrés, soit près du double de la surface couverte par les parcs nationaux terrestres.

Dans l’opacité

Parti comme c’est parti, cette initiative confine à l’aberration. Au plan politique d’abord : n’en déplaise au gouvernement, nul ne semble au fait des détails. Ni les administrations sectorielles ni les instituts de recherche ni la société civile et, encore moins, les parlementaires n’en cernent les contours. Comme souvent, l’opération est conduite dans l’opacité, à l’abri des regards indiscrets. Comme toujours, elle ne donne lieu à aucun débat, alimentant suspicion et thèses diverses, y compris les plus complotistes. Comme si la dette publique était l’affaire des uns et pas des autres. Comme si le droit à l’information n’est pas un principe à valeur constitutionnelle. Appelé à avaliser les emprunts de l’Etat, le Parlement ne doit-il pas être tenu informé de l’existence d’une stratégie de désendettement ?

Au demeurant, cette opération relève de l’aberration juridico-institutionnelle. Si l’implication du ministre en charge des Forêts, de la Mer et de l’Environnement se comprend, on ne saurait expliquer la mise à l’écart de ses collègues en charge de l’Economie ou des Finances. Voire du directeur général de la Dette. Au-delà, on ne saurait dire quand le Conseil des ministres s’est-il prononcé sur cette question. Sauf à donner un blanc-seing à son initiateur, il faut exiger des explications. A moins de le placer au-dessus de l’édifice institutionnel, on doit élargir la discussion à des personnalités et entités beaucoup plus indiquées. Pour parler des identités des créanciers, des échéances de remboursement, de la réduction des dépenses, de l’augmentation des recettes, du ratio dette-croissance, des taux d’intérêt ou de l’inflation, Lee White n’est ni le plus légitime ni le mieux outillé. Pourquoi doit-il supplanter Nicole Roboty Mvou et Edith Ekiri Mounombi ?

Etude de faisabilité

Quand bien même le débat sourde encore, cette opération est aussi une aberration technocratique. De quel type d’échange dette-nature s’agit-il ? D’une conversion de dette bilatérale comme celle résultant de l’accord passé en 2008 avec la France sous la houlette d’Omar Bongo Ondimba et Nicolas Sarkozy ? D’une initiative d’allègement de la dette multilatérale ? Ou d’une conversion de la dette commerciale ? Mystère et boule de gomme… Afin de permettre à la communauté nationale de se faire une meilleure idée, une étude de faisabilité doit être conduite. Profil de la dette, politique de désendettement, contexte macro-économique, sources de financement, aspects juridiques et fiscaux, taux de décote, bailleurs intéressés ou concernés, mécanismes de gestion des fonds… Sur tous ces points, ni le ministre en charge des Forêts, de la Mer et de l’Environnement ni l’Agence nationale des parcs nationaux (ANPN) ne disposent de données complètes. Bien au contraire. Naviguant en eaux troubles, ils se laissent porter par le mouvement impulsé par les organisations internationales engagées dans la protection de la biodiversité.

S’il ne veut pas faire du Gabon le dindon de la farce, le gouvernement doit sortir de sa torpeur. Au lieu de se laisser endormir par des promesses mirobolantes, il doit renvoyer chacun de ses membres à ses prérogatives. En plaçant les ministres en charge de l’Economie et des Finances au centre du jeu, il se donnerait une chance d’y voir plus clair. En ouvrant le débat à d’autres acteurs nationaux, il créerait les conditions pour la conduite d’une opération maîtrisée. Ayant longtemps présenté l’écotourisme comme le segment d’avenir, ayant ensuite fondé ses espoirs sur les crédits-carbone, il a déjà fait face à tant de désillusions. A chaque fois, il a été confronté à sa propre crédulité et à son déficit de rigueur. D’où les quolibets, doutes et inquiétudes émis par certains observateurs. Pour eux, comme pour les générations présentes et futures, il faut recentrer les choses.

227 Replies to “Échange dette-nature au Gabon : Une aberration”

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  219. side effects of steroids in men says:

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  220. Diseases that cause long-term or permanent damage are called says:

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    to lean and dry muscle positive aspects, whereas Dianabol may cause water retention and bloating.

    Moreover, these medicines can cause the body to retain extra water and salt,
    leading to weight acquire. It’s additionally important to notice that steroids can cause modifications within the distribution of body fats, significantly
    within the face, neck, and abdomen. The reply lies in the means in which steroids interact with the body’s metabolism.

    After all, it does help with muscle development
    in both women and men. In today’s Prednisone Warrior
    story, Pleasure shares her story of how she
    is reducing weight whereas on prednisone. Weight achieve is likely considered
    one of the top prednisone unwanted effects that we expertise.
    She also shares how to deal with the unwanted facet effects of prednisone.

    One Other member of one of the best steroids for fat discount family,
    which is highly wanted by bodybuilders as well as all different fascinated folks
    in weight loss. This artificial cutting drug is especially recommended
    for male athletes. It’s usually not recommended
    to cease taking prednisone abruptly should you expertise weight achieve
    or different unwanted effects. Prednisone is a prescription treatment that should only be discontinued underneath the steerage
    of a healthcare professional. Moreover, it could be helpful to speak to your physician about strategies for
    minimizing weight gain whereas taking prednisone. Your doctor might find a way to advocate different drugs or
    adjust your dose to reduce unwanted effects.

    These steroids are often prescribed for swollen joints, inflammatory bowel
    Diseases that cause long-term or permanent damage are called,
    and muscle stiffness. Steroids can mess along with your metabolism, inflicting fat to redistribute
    as an alternative of being burned off throughout train. Plus,
    they typically enhance your urge for food, resulting in a hankering for fatty, sugary foods.
    Everyone is completely different, and if you can’t shed weight on prednisone, maybe your medical
    group may help you discover methods to a minimal of stop including prednisone
    pounds. I usually pack on about twenty kilos when I’m taking prednisone.
    I’m an ectomorph, meaning that I even have
    a fast metabolism, so I’m naturally thin. If a stranger had
    been to look at me, they’d likely assume that my prednisone weight
    was my regular, natural, wholesome weight.

    The neurologist in the hospital started me on 10 mg prednisone, which the
    clinician elevated to 20 then 30 mg the place my eyesight has normalized (no
    more droopy eyelids or double vision). I still have minor points with body muscle fatigue and cramping palms, significantly if I get overheated.
    Often, chewing meals gets weird however I can swallow and breathe nice.

    If you regularly eat grapefruit, inform your doctor who may make consumption suggestions or restrictions based
    mostly upon your unique well being condition and the quantity you
    typically eat. For longer-term prescriptions, docs might taper down dosages steadily to
    get them as little as potential without the return of signs.
    And hold loved ones within the loop about how prednisone affects your emotional state.
    A heads-up could additionally be all they want to understand what you’re going by way of and be prepared to
    provide any further assist you may want.
    Clen and Anavar are the primary two anabolic steroids, which considered more secure for feminine use.
    At that time come totally different parts of weight reduction, diminished cortisol stage which steroids do by enhancing the degree of Testosterone in your physique.
    Please read the principles to ensure your submit isn’t taken down/you are not banned.
    If you may have suffered hair loss, you’ve remedy options like hormone therapy or
    hair transplants.

  221. what is steroidal saponins says:

    One of the most well-liked and effective is an LGD-4033 and MK-677 stack.
    Moderate muscle gains may be made on this stack, probably in the 5-10 lbs range.
    Fats loss will be made easier, energy shall be improved, and you’re going to get all
    the person advantages of MK-677, like better sleep and restoration. Yes, MK-677
    can assist with dropping physique fats (but see the other side
    of the body fat concern under in aspect effects).
    MK-677 should not be thought-about a fat burner or weight reduction compound.

    With HGH selling cell proliferation, nitrogen retention, and protein synthesis, it’s the right partner to
    AAS in promoting the substantial progress of lean muscle[2].
    Nevertheless, using anabolic steroids purely to extend muscle measurement and power,
    particularly without a prescription, is considered abuse. In the Usa, most anabolic steroids are regulated by the Managed Substances Act, and it is illegal to own them and not using a prescription. But a extra superior
    and potentially much more effective method is to do frontloading.
    The main goal of frontloading what is steroidal saponins
    to get your blood ranges of a steroid as a lot as an optimum level
    as fast as attainable. This, after all, allows you to benefit from quicker efficiency effects and positive aspects.

    It’s a particularly effective chopping compound that can ship
    that highly fascinating hard, dry look and
    is especially useful when you’re already lean and
    need extra excessive results. If you’re going to run a Winstrol cycle, try my complete Winstrol (Stanozolol)
    cycle information. Anavar is a popular oral steroid that may boost power,
    fats loss, and therapeutic benefits but with little measurement acquire.
    Deca-Durabolin has additional unique benefits like boosting immunity,
    bone density, and joint well being, which could be a few of the main reasons people use it.
    Deca will assist in strength and mass gains with
    out worrying about estrogenic unwanted aspect effects.
    It can cause some androgenic effects like hair loss and is considered gentle
    in comparability with different compounds.

    The good news about Clenbuterol is that it isn’t a hormonal compound and does
    not have an result on your testosterone production. Nevertheless, suppose you (as a male) intend to stack Clen with any anabolic steroid or suppressive SARM.
    In that case, you’ll need to do some form of applicable
    post-cycle therapy relevant to the other PEDs being used.

    Increasing the dose isn’t at all times the most fitted choice because you’ll have further unwanted aspect effects.

    Principally, we are going to do frontloading when utilizing slower-acting
    steroids that have a longer half-life, like a number of
    the popular testosterone esters, including Testosterone Enanthate and Testosterone Cypionate.

    Frontloading is an ideal technique as a outcome of these steroids can take
    a couple of weeks to begin delivering effects. So, you presumably can see the significance of familiarity with
    every compound’s half-life, even if you’re going with only a single compound cycle.
    The proven truth that oral steroids pass via
    the liver results in the liver’s metabolism promoting a sooner metabolism
    of the steroid – leading to a half-life of as brief as 4 hours for some
    oral compounds.
    Clenbuterol’s capability to make it easier to take away this fat permits rivals to have considerably higher muscle definition that might in any other case be masked by overlaying fat.
    In critical competitions, each ounce of fat counts, and the most serious opponents will typically add to Clen’s results by stacking it with highly effective fat-burning anabolic steroids like Winstrol.

    Deca Durabolin will trigger alterations in LDL/HDL ldl cholesterol scores, provoking elevations in blood stress.
    However, the dangers of developing heart disease are lower on Deca Durabolin, in contrast to other anabolic steroids, based on our
    lipid profile testing. Like all anabolic steroids, Equipoise is not authorized to purchase or use in the USA or most different nations.
    It is also banned by all sports activities doping authorities as a performance-enhancing drug.
    Shopping For EQ on-line comes with nice risks, each legally and for your well being, as many
    pretend, low-quality merchandise are being sold beneath this name.

    Clenbuterol’s fat-burning talents could be considered just an offshoot from
    its unique purpose as a bronchodilator for asthmatics. Nevertheless, that perform can deliver some efficiency
    enhancements to your endurance capability. Getting the
    best fats loss results means using Clenbuterol correctly as part of a wider fats loss plan. Whether Or Not you’re a bodybuilder,
    health mannequin, or just someone wanting outcomes in your private targets, your fat
    loss plan will make or break your results with Clenbuterol.
    It has turn out to be well-known as a fat loss agent, and people unfamiliar with the historical past or medical use of this drug could simply assume that fats loss is the
    rationale Clenbuterol exists. Clenbuterol makes it simpler and quicker to lose fat whereas weight-reduction plan and often exercising by way of thermogenesis, boosting your metabolism.
    While Clen is very effective at fat-burning, stacking it with T3
    (Cytomel) is taken into account the final word
    strategy (see my stack part below).
    Submit Cycle Therapy (PCT) is the stage at which most steroid users
    will wish to use Clomid. PCT is the method after your
    steroid cycle, where you give attention to restoring your regular testosterone functioning.
    And this technique works nicely thanks to Arimidex taking effect
    so quickly. So, don’t crush your estrogen, monitor your cholesterol, and stick
    with the dosages consultants suggest; you will discover Arimidex a useful tool in your arsenal.
    While a discount in HDL is nearly at all times reversible after stopping steroids, following a diet low in saturated fats and higher in cholesterol-friendly meals like those
    rich in omega-3 fatty acids continues to be crucial.

  222. https://mbu.edu/wp-includes/Pgs/?anavar_for_women_side_effects_dosage_and_benefits.html says:

    We solely advocate authorized steroids which have
    a clear and simply accessible formulation. We
    looked for dietary supplements that disclose
    the ingredients and dosages on the label or web site.

    Customers easily incorporate Testo-Max into their routine, with a simple dosage of four capsules a day,
    taken 20 minutes before breakfast.
    Oral varieties embrace such steroids like Fluoxymesterone, Methyltestosterone,
    Oxandrolone, Stanozolol, Mibolerone, and Mesterolone.

    Steroids that are usually injected into the blood of its customers embody Methenolone enanthate, Nandrolone phenpropionate, Testosterone enanthate, Trenbolone acetate, and Boldenone undecylenate.

    For this purpose, weightlifters are adding steroids to their workouts to enhance their appearance.
    Even for non-athlete weightlifters, they worth the concept of
    wanting strong and powerful.
    In terms of the content material of teaching programs, it’s advised that, as a
    subject, we glance in the path of different evidence-based drug
    education schemes that have been found to stop the use of medication and alcohol use among adolescents.
    Some school-based drug education programs designed for common groups, no matter their threat level,
    have produced small to reasonable results when it comes
    to well being behaviour change [35, 36]. This analysis found that adolescents who had been engaged in weight lifting were significantly
    extra probably (3.8 times) to be engaging in present protein powder use.
    This presents a chance to have interaction a potentially high-risk group of boys in selective intervention program
    to forestall current harm, and future PIEDs use. Schooling and professional development
    applications for lecturers, private trainers, fitness center and fitness centre employees, and coaches can also be
    required to find a way to help packages
    targeted at boys. Whole-of-centre approaches in the direction of making
    gyms, health centres, and different settings the place weight lifting
    occurs more supportive of well being (as opposed to appearance-related) motivations
    for physical activity are also advised. The
    prevalence of the usage of protein powder on this universal
    college pattern is much greater than prevalence from data collected among a US pattern 5 years in the past.

    To reduce the hormonal impression of weightlifting on your pores and skin, think about adjusting your diet to
    include more whole meals and fewer processed foods. Also, get enough sleep and manage your stress ranges, as
    each can affect hormone levels. In the same examine (1), researchers
    measured power features in all 4 groups. Trenbolone is also very androgenic, whereas Deca Durabolin isn’t; thus, hair recession or loss on the
    scalp, acne vulgaris, and prostate enlargement are frequent complaints with trenbolone (but rare with Deca Durabolin).
    Trenbolone will cause considerably extra cardiac hypertrophy (enlargement of the heart) and increase the chance of atherosclerotic plaque in our experience (11).

    Some of our patients describe Dianabol as the best steroid for building muscle.
    Others might say Anadrol works higher for them; nevertheless,
    the choice typically is dependent upon how properly an individual
    responds to each compound. anabolic Steroids pills for sale [https://mbu.edu/wp-includes/Pgs/?anavar_for_women_side_effects_dosage_and_benefits.html]
    steroid use has turn into increasingly frequent lately, with bodybuilding turning into extra mainstream.
    Bloodwork 4–6 weeks post-PCT is important to ensure your natural testosterone and
    overall hormone profile have returned to baseline.
    If not, additional recovery time — or physician-guided remedy — may be needed.

    Certain compounds are distinctive at offering enhanced healing,
    similar to Deca, but no compound will make you proof against new injuries.
    If you have any questions about how to properly put on extra reps or weight, be
    happy to succeed in out to a specialist at BioMed.
    We are more than happy to debate your cycle plans and look into the most effective potential
    supplements for you. In youthful adolescents,
    steroids can intervene with the development of arm and
    leg bones.
    This is particularly true if it’s going to be
    your first time using Testosterone Cypionate and you’re
    unsure what your response shall be. Your PCT protocol following a Testosterone Cypionate cycle must consider another AAS you’ve
    used. In almost all cases, your most valued PCT tool shall be SERMs
    like Nolvadex and Clomid. Nowadays, many people choose Enclomiphene as our main SERM, but you may need your personal desire.
    Enclomiphene has fewer unwanted effects for so much of users
    and can even be better at testosterone recovery.
    Tren is a really suppressive compound, and you’ll want to run an HCG and Nolvadex to prevent crashing your testosterone levels and preserve your gains.

    Even those who go to the fitness center with out training for any competitors
    are trapped in the desire to rework their physique look, build extra muscle, and enhance
    their performance. In the identical vein, some take
    masking medicine to cover the steroids already of their physique system.
    Nonetheless, the bottom line is that the consumption of those drugs amongst
    Olympic weightlifters is towards the law, if not prescribed by medical professionals.
    Thus, upon the conclusion that they are present
    within the system of athletes, this will land them into critical issues.

    Athletes and weightlifters use these patterns of steroid consumption to maximize the effectiveness of their use and in addition to keep away
    from the effects that include the consumption of the identical.
    However, there is no scientific evidence that supports
    the effectiveness of those patterns in reducing the dangerous consequences of using steroids
    as efficiency enhancement drugs. Weightlifters use any of
    those methods to ensure that they have their desired dosages
    of steroids into their system.
    Nonetheless, I’d be mendacity if I said
    there aren’t different AAS that may be higher suited to extra specific goals – like extra excessive
    bulking or chopping, for example. If you’re at the intermediate stage, then you’ll doubtless want to mix Testosterone Cypionate with different steroids in a stacked cycle, similar to Deca-Durabolin and Dianabol.
    Testosterone is taken into account the safest steroid for a newbie to begin with till you probably can decide your response, after which consider including different steroids into
    a stack as intermediate and superior customers do. A
    Testosterone Cypionate only cycle is one of the best place to start out for a newbie.
    It lets you evaluate your response unique to this steroid before you contemplate stacking it
    with any others. This places you above commonplace testosterone alternative,
    however not an excessive dose that causes more distinguished side effects.

    In some customers, we see this causing a flushed appearance to
    the skin, signifying a spike in blood pressure and thus the next body temperature.
    The only draw back that we see with Winstrol, in regard to
    body composition, is that it can generally deflate the muscles as
    a outcome of its decreasing glycogen levels.
    This may be attributed to its diuretic properties, attributable
    to an absence of aromatase enzyme, leading to less intracellular fluid.

    Winstrol is mostly utilized in cutting cycles to retain muscle, promote fat loss, and create a dry or vascular look
    displaying full muscle definition. Deca Durabolin has minimal adverse effects on very
    important organs; nevertheless, it can be disadvantageous by way of sexual health, causing erectile dysfunction in some of our sufferers (typically
    when used alone).

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